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The Crowd

by: Gustave Le Bon
en

0486419568  9780486419565 

 


The Crowd
By Gustave Le Bon


 


Product Description:

One of the greatest and most influential books of social psychology ever written, brilliantly instructive on the general characteristics and mental unity of a crowd, its sentiments and morality, ideas, reasoning power, imagination, opinions and much more. A must-read volume  for students of history, sociology, law and psychology.



Summary: Great Book for Understanding the Power of the Crowd
Rating: 5

I purchased this book while in college and studying the effects of mob mentality and how fads and trends occur. This is a great insight into that mentality. It is a very high-level reading book but the philosophy behind it is very solid. Great read for understanding election results, riots, why people behave differently in crowds than they would alone, etc.



Summary: Brilliant Notwithstanding Its Perceived Legacy
Rating: 5

Many readers of this 1895 book will be intrigued by the notion that 20th century dictators allegedly based their regimes on it. The false inference that this book promotes totalitarianism is an unfortunate result. Not only does Le Bon remain scientific and neutral with regard to the applications of his study, but so too does this book offer us great insight into the psychology of crowds that could help us achieve the kind of liberal democracy we supposedly strive for today.

The book's scientific tone is unmistakable. One almost wishes for more tangential philosophy to better realize the ideas, but one cannot argue with Le Bon's style, which very successfully accomplishes his aims, limited as they are: describing the characteristics of crowds. The reader is also thankful for the author's precise method when he indulges popular prejudices of his day stemmed from social Darwinism. Le Bon subscribes to the notion that the world's population is made of different `races,' for instance, and attributes differences in behavior to this fiction. The reader is usually able to substitute `race' for `culture' in these cases in order to read his meaning in a more modern capacity.

Le Bon was obviously a great student of Spencer and, as such, emphasizes a Positivist worldview, stressing evolution and individual liberty as paths to the good. But he is objective throughout--again proving his dedication to science--never failing to note the good things that crowds have accomplished, even as functions of religion or socialist states.

It is only then that the reader is compelled to object. Crowd psychology, as it is described in these pages, is an evil in itself because the individuals that make up the crowd lose their ability to reason. This, no matter what the outcome of the crowd's action is, makes the phenomenon abhorrent in itself. One that favors the intellect, even the neutral, scientific brand (one might even argue especially the neutral, scientific brand), should thoroughly disapprove.

And so even the fundamental legacy of this book is countered. The assumption about `The Crowd' is that it systematically disparages herds because of their stupidity and recklessness. At least one reader wishes this were more the case.



Summary: This is the Most Practical Book I Ever Read for Sports and Life
Rating: 5

In high school, the french teacher--a dropout from l'Ecole Normale Supérieure before landing on our fair shores--was also an unforgettable track coach. I specialized in long-distance relay races. I canot tell you how may relays our team won after Coach Perrier assigned the book that the team affectionately came to call "Le Crowd." We eventually dubbed ourselves "Le Crowd" in its honor, using Le Bon's analysis to reign in the commoners running against us in Central Michigan Scholastic Athletic League (Division IV). Even years later when our beloved coach was accused of crimes against humanity during the occupation, "Le Crowd" was proud to stand by him. As a former team captain, I was happy to testify as a character witness. I've noticed similarities between Le Bon and more recent thinkers, notably Leo Strauss in "The City and Man" and his great-nephew Neil Strauss in "The Game," but also this cat Samuel Huntington in "The Clash of Civilizations." Proud Americans all. I've also been told by a musicologist drinking buddy that scene with the judge in Bob Dylan's "Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" was inspired by an anecdote in an earlier French edition of Le Bon's study, but to my ear Dylan is horribly off-pitch on this one. I recommend this book highly, on behalf of myself, old Coach Perrier, and anyone who has gone up against the vulgar mind of the crowd and learned to surf above it.



Summary: The Irrationality of Crowds.
Rating: 5

_The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind_ is an English translation of the classic work on crowd psychology of French theorist and social scientist Gustave le Bon first published in 1895. Gustave le Bon (1841 - 1931) was a French social theorist whose works played a prominent part in the understanding of nationality, racialism, herd behavior, and crowd psychology. Le Bon writes from the perspective of a rationalist and a skeptic (though he is also skeptical of the uses to which "reason" is put by crowds, such as occurred during the French revolution) and examines crowd psychology from a scientific perspective. Le Bon's understanding of crowd psychology reveals the irrationalism of crowds and the inadequacies of the democratic process. This work in particular played a prominent role in the formation of such psychoanalytic theorists of the unconscious as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung as well as in the leadership principle and crowd control of such figures as Benito Mussolini. As such, le Bon's work offers an important social, psychological, and political understanding of the processes that operate within crowds.

In his Preface, Le Bon lays out his understanding of the role of crowds, particularly as concerns the "present age" (his own time period). Le Bon explains the manner in which the unconscious activity of crowds has replaced the conscious activity of the individual. Le Bon also shows how he belongs to no particular school and thus claims that he is free from the biases of all such schools. Further, le Bon contends that the spirit of reform has guided crowds and that the era of crowds has replaced the divine right of kings. Following this, le Bon turns to "The Era of Crowds" in his Introduction. Le Bon explains how crowds have come to take a prominent place within national thought and that the modern age has become an era of crowds. Le Bon further offers that an understanding of crowds is essential for legislators and statesmen. The first "Book" of this book is entitled "The Mind of Crowds". Le Bon begins by considering the general characteristics of crowds. Le Bon defines the crowd in terms of psychology and distinguishes his definition from that of the commonplace understanding of the crowd. Le Bon further explains the "psychological law of the mental unity of crowds". Le Bon contends that in a crowd brain activity is reduced and there is a prominence of medullar activity, meaning that crowds act largely unconsciously. Following this, le Bon turns to the sentiments and morality of crowds. Le Bon contends that there is an impulsiveness, mobility, and irritability of crowds. Le Bon also contends that there are racial differences among crowds. Further, le Bon argues that crowds are credulous and readily influenced by suggestion. Le Bon also contends that crowds do not admit doubt or uncertainty and always head towards extremes. Further, le Bon contends that there is an intolerance, dictatorialness, and conservativism of crowds. In addition, le Bon contends that while crowds may act in accordance with a lower morality than that of the individual, it is also possible for crowds to have a higher morality than the individual and thus be prone to heroics. Following this, le Bon turns his attention to the ideas, reasoning power, and imagination of crowds. Le Bon contends that lofty ideas must be dumbed down before they can appeal to crowds. Le Bon further argues that crowds cannot be substantially influenced by reasoning and that their level of reasoning is entirely inferior to that of the individual. Finally, le Bon contends that crowds are prone to the imagination and they think in images, and that further the marvelous has always had some influence on crowds which is frequently linked to statesmen. Following this, le Bon turns his attention to the religious shape assumed by all the convictions of crowds. Le Bon argues that popular gods have never completely disappeared and that even atheism may take on a religious shape under the influence of crowds. Le Bon considers the religious shape of such historical occurrences as the Reformation, Saint Bartholomew, and the Terror following the French Revolution. Le Bon also considers the religious role of such great religions as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. The second "Book" of this book is entitled "The Opinions and Beliefs of Crowds". Here, le Bon begins by considering remote factors of the opinions and beliefs of crowds. Le Bon considers such factors as race, traditions, time, political and social institutions, and political and social institutions as they relate to instruction and education regarding the opinions and beliefs of crowds. Following this, le Bon turns his attention to the immediate factors of the opinions and beliefs of crowds. Le Bon considers such factors as images, words, and formulae, illusions, experience, and reason. Next, le Bon considers the leaders of crowds and their means of persuasion. Le Bon begins by arguing that there is an instinctive need of all crowds to obey a leader. Le Bon also considers various characteristics of such leaders. Further, le Bon considers the means of action of the leaders, which he classifies as affirmation, repetition, and contagion. Together these principles explain the actions of crowds under a leader. In addition, le Bon considers the prestige of a leader, arguing that a leader must possess a certain prestige. Le Bon defines prestige and argues that there are different kinds of prestige including acquired prestige and personal prestige, as well as showing how prestige is lost. Following this, le Bon considers limitations of the variability of the beliefs and opinions of crowds. Le Bon considers fixed beliefs of crowds, noting how they have formed, as well as the possibility of changeability of beliefs of crowds, arguing that beliefs of crowds have become more and more in flux and that further the beliefs of crowds tend towards indifference. The third "Book" of this book is entitled "The Classification and Description of the Different Kinds of Crowds". Le Bon begins by considering the classification of crowds into heterogeneous and homogeneous crowds. Le Bon argues that there are different races which constitute crowds and examines the effect of race and civilization in contrast to barbarism. Le Bon further argues that there are different kinds of homogeneous crowds including sects, castes, and classes. Following this, le Bon examines criminal crowds. Le Bon considers their psychology and the role of the unconscious. Le Bon further considers the role of crowds in the September massacre as well as other criminal crowds. Following this, le Bon considers criminal juries as crowds. Le Bon examines the role of juries arguing that they serve a useful purpose and should not be replaced by magistrates. Le Bon examines statistics on juries arguing that their decisions are often superior to those of experts or magistrates in that they are frequently more lenient and less prone to personal vendettas. Following this, le Bon considers electoral crowds. Le Bon points out some inferior points of democracy but notes that it also has some strong points as well. Le Bon notes the role of electoral crowds in the committees of the Revolution as well as the role of universal suffrage. Following this, le Bon ends by considering parliamentary assemblies, noting the roles of leaders and the progressive loss of liberties with the increase of state power. Le Bon ends by reflecting upon the rise and fall of civilizations and the passage into barbarism and relating this to his discussion of crowds.

This book offers a classic study of the crowd psychology. It was an important book for many during the early half of the Twentieth century during a period when totalitarianisms were developing and in which crowds arose led by powerful leaders. This book continues to be important though for what it has to say about the role of the crowd and large groups of people. It is recommended to those who want to understand mass psychology and the role that crowds play in society and politics.



Summary: A very important book.. Influenced Lenin and Mussolini
Rating: 5

This is a very important book on political theory and tactics. Lebon presents a very incisive study of mass psychology. He's not a popular fellow with some in light of his cynical view of democracy. However, whether or not you agree with his views on this, his views on political tactics are brilliant. For more books on subjects like this including communism and fascism, see my profile.